Sunday, May 24, 2020

1 Student 1 Sport Policy - 1750 Words

1Student 1Sport Policy (1M 1S) Sports should be integral to a person’s life. This is due to the benefits in health that can be derived from it and also skills such as strategic thinking and teamwork can be learnt. Most pupils have benefitted from participation in various sports, but most voluntarily participated in the sport activities of their choice. Sports serve as an excellent physical exercise. Those who play sports have a more positive body image than those who do not. Sports often involve physical activities like running, jumping, stretching and moving about which turn out to be a good body workout. Playing sports is energy put to good use. A co-curricular activity is defined as a program or out-of-class activity, supervised and or†¦show more content†¦It is assured that academic results would not be affected, instead making the students all-rounders. â€Å"Any effects on sports participants will be determined by the frequency of participation, intensity of participation, and their degree of adherence over time. Although these factors are especially important in order to obtain fitness and health benefits, they also have implications for the development of sporting and social skills and changed attitudes and values.†(Professor Fred Coalter, Institute for Sports Research University of Stirling, (January,2005) Playing sports is very beneficial for the development of social skills. Sports teach you to interact with people, communicate with them and collaborate as a team. Sports foster collective thinking and harness your planning and delegation skills too. Sports build confidence. Winning a game gives you a sense of accomplishment, which boosts your confidence further. Participation in sports can have a major effect on children in the classroom as well. Children who are involved in sports often develop time management skills that are helpful with academic studies. Many schools promote the link between sports and academia by establishing minimum grade requirements that must be met in order to participate in sports. â€Å"Research shows that sports improve Math skills in children. Sports that involve aiming and hitting skills, for example, tennis, badminton, baseball and cricket help them increase focus.Show MoreRelatedShould Club Sports Be Competitive Sports?1148 Words   |  5 PagesParticipation in college club sports continues to rise with an estimated two million students currently involved. These clubs provide an attractive alternative for students who wish to continue competitive sports without the time commitment associated with intercollegiate athletics. Further, because students’ self-govern the club sports, the experience affords important leadership opportunities. Additionally, club sports can offer students unique activities such as equestrian or mountaineeringRead MoreThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1346 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping and implementing policies regarding athletics in colleges and universities. With such a role, the association is mandated to specify the minimum academic requirements for a student to participate in any sporting activity. The association claims that it aims at creating a balance between sport and education. The heart of the association s mission is student-athlete success in classroom and on the field. N.C.A.A. comes up with policies that provide a student-athlete with the opportunityRead MoreIs The N.c.a.a Doing For Protect Academic Integrity?1368 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping and implementing policies regarding athletics in colleges and universities. With such a role, the association is mandated to specify the minimum academic requirements for a student to participate in any sporting activity. The association claims that it aims at creating a balance between sport and education. The heart of the association s mission is student-athlete success in classroom and on the field. N.C.A.A. comes up with policies that provide a student-athlete with the opportunityRead MorePolicy Analysis Paper copy 1430 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Executive Summary In recent years, our nation has seen an increased number of transgender students demanding to be included in activities and facilities they have been excluded from in the past. This has introduced a growing number of events that contradict the norms and labels our society has in place regarding gender and sex roles. The very definition of what it means to be female or male is being challenged by this small portion of the population. In their fight for gender autonomy and genderRead MoreResearch Paper1075 Words   |  5 Pages1. A news magazine offers students a discount on the regular subscription rate. The total number of subscriptions is optimal, and, at the current prices, the marginal revenue from the last subscription sold to a student is $6, while the marginal revenue from the last subscription sold to a regular customer is $10. In order to maximize profit, the magazine should a. stop offering students a discount on the regular subscription rate. b. offer students a higher discount (lower the price to students)Read MoreUniversity of Phoenix Corporate Finance Syllabus1329 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement decisions. Students learn methods to evaluate financial alternatives and create financial plans. Other topics include cash flows, business valuation, working capital, capital budgets, and long-term financing. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This documentRead MoreEducational Budget Cuts: Denying Students the Opportunity for Potential1599 Words   |  7 PagesAre today’s students being cheated out of the best education possible just to balance the budget? The forthcoming of Pennsylvania relies on the education of the younger generations. Only time can tell whether adolescents, currently being educated, can maintain the high level of learning with the barriers they are going to encounter with the proposed budget. For a positive future in Pennsylvania, the youth must be educated intelligently and properly. Proposed Pennsylvania state educational budgetRead MoreThe Sports Aren Illegal Recruiting And Paying Athletes778 Words   |  4 PagesAs a former athlete playing in young recreational leagues to division 1 football. Now coaching football on the high school level one issue has been a topic of issue in the sports arena is illegal recruiting and paying athletes to play. Naturally as humans we a ll want to be the best and to have the edge. From students in medical school, pilots, olympic athletes, to corporate employees, the line between success and failure against one’s competitor is extremely thin. The Southern Economic Journal states:Read MoreM382 Exam 1study Guide Essays1036 Words   |  5 PagesExam I Study Guide 1. Definition and focus of sport sociology. a. Sociology: interaction between groups and their inherent cultures b. Sport sociology: relationship between sport and society by examining its inherent institutions (race, genders†¦) i. â€Å"Sport is a microcosm of society. It mirrors our culture† (drugs, women, scandal) 2. Definition of the following terms: c. Socialization: The process of interacting with other people and learning social customsRead MoreImproving Competitive Foods Schools For Creating A Healthy School Environment1182 Words   |  5 PagesSeeing Spots: Addressing Competitive Foods Competitive foods are foods that are available in schools to purchase through venues such as a la carte lines, vending machines, snack bars, school stores and other fundraises.1 It has been estimated that nearly 30-50% of all school students consume their total calories at school.2 School lunch and breakfast programs meet the requirements for the federal nutrition standards and U.S. department of Agriculture’s Dietary Guidelines for American. However, foods

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The Nature of Perceived Ultimacy in Zen Buddhism Essay

This paper will explore the question of how to understand the nature of perceived ultimacy in Zen Buddhism. This will be achieved through providing a justification for why this question should be of any interest and then hypothesizing about possible implications of the results. Next, the framework that is to be used in categorizing the core beliefs in Zen will be explained and made clear. After this description is complete the author will proceed to fit Zen Buddhism into this framework and will demonstrate that the Zen religion is no exception to the employed framework. Finally the author will describe the perceived ultimacy of Zen Buddhism. The topic of Zen Buddhism and understanding how it fits into a framework that was designed to†¦show more content†¦Even when we are presented with answers or guides to the many questions we have about life and to how we should live, as inquisitive animals, we strive to enhance our understanding and so begin to learn that perhaps, ultimately, the answers don’t simply come from outside but also from within us. This is then perhaps the greatest implication of this paper, finding new ways in understanding what the true way of life is for human beings and what the true way of life is for ourselves. In the discussion of Zen Buddhism, William A. Young’s framework’s itself must first be explained and understood. Young employs a descriptive framework in his book The World’s Religions that is used to understand religion and the ways in which religion plays various roles in human life (Young 12). The framework was developed from the definition of religion he describes in his book. Young defines religion as being, â€Å"human transformation in response to perceived ultimacy† (4). This framework developed by Young was a tool of analysis he employed to compare religions through seven questions that formulate a basic understanding of a particular religion’s worldview. The seven questions that make up Young’s framework are as follows: what does it mean to be human, what is the basic human problem, what is the cause of the problem, what is the end or goal of transformation, what are the means of transformation, what is the nature of reality, and what

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Cell and Molecular Biology Free Essays

Cell and Molecular Biology Final Name: Hadeel Binomar30 pts. Protein misfolding can be an aspect of several different human disorders, including cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and atherosclerosis. Many times, the misfolded protein is a membrane protein. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell and Molecular Biology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, a type of diabetes insipidus results from a mutation in the G-protein-coupled vasopressin 2 receptor that prevents the protein from making it to the cell membrane A) Describe how this type of receptor would normally get targeted to the membrane (from the beginning of translation) and B) then propose one mechanism by which the mutation could cause a lack of proper targeting. One of the most important protein’s target is G protein-coupled receptors, several signaling mechanisms depend on this type of receptor to change both internal and external stimuli to the intracellular responses. Basically, one of the G couple receptor subfamilies is G-coupled Vasopressin-2- Receptor (V2R), and this receptor is going through a strict quality control process at the endoplasmic reticulum, which presents the only correctly folded protein to gets through the secretory pathway. The primary function of the V2 receptor is to activate the attached G protein that bound to the ? subunit then phosphorylated to GTP. The G protein couple receptor then activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the reaction in the ER and forms cAMP from ATP. After that, cAMP acts as a second messenger and activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the integral membrane proteins on the cell surface. Moreover, the secretory pathway organelles’ and the plasma membrane both are first introduced into the Endoplasmic reticulum, and the co-translationally proteins that can cross the ER are synthesized by the ribosome first then binds by chaperones to gets moves to the ER surface using GTP that allows them to move toward the receptor then release it. The soluble proteins and the integral membrane proteins as I mentioned above, can be targeted through the ER and then translocated by the same mechanism.Further, several mutations occurring in the transmembrane region which affect the structure of the protein. These are multiple mutation sites, such as mutations occurring in the amino acid residues which was acting as a causative agent for human disease. Also, there are other mutations occurring on the single site position that will affect the translation mechanism and cause many human diseases like: cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and atherosclerosis that proves the function of V2R protein which plays important role in the translation during the protein folding process. One of the mechanism that may a reason for lacking the proper target protein is when the mutations of the CFTR gene occurring and affect the function of the chloride ion channels and cause defect in the protein sequences which lead to the production of diseases and misfolded of the proteins that are unable to recognize their functional destinations. Otherwise, Lack of the stop signals is another issue that prevents the protein from getting into the surface of the ER, also called the non-stop decay cellular pathway, because lack of this stop signals prevents mRNA from synthesis and translate the proteins, these consider as a point mutation that inhibits the essential stop codons. 30 pts. Describe the experiment shown in figure 3 from the paper we discussed in class (Miller et al, 2003). (A) In your description, consider the following questions: Why did they do it? How did they do it? What did they learn? (B) Diagram the results that you would expect to see in Lanes T, 1, 2, 3, and 4, if the amino acid signal DID in the protein Gap1p was mutated to random amino acids and tell why; and (C) Give two possible (different) results that might occur if the amino acid signal LxxLE in Bet1p was mutated to the amino acids DID (which are the signal in Gap1p). Diagram the results expected in Lanes T, 1, 2, 3, and 4 and explain why you predicted this result for each case.left20840701.A001.A4467225201739500The experiment was performed to study the role of cargo binding domain of Sec24p in the process of protein sorting. To perform this study, both mutant and wild types subunit Sec23/24p and Sec23/24L616W were harvested from microsomal membranes. The immunoblotting assay performed to quantify cargo molecules using radio-labeled secondary antibodies. Comparison of the mutant subunit with wild type illustrated omission of some molecules in mutant one, these molecules were cargo protein molecules. While some of them are packed in a way that similar to the wild-type. It meant that there were some signals that remained unaffected although mutation was there. Unexpectedly, it was found that in these unaffected molecules of mutation in Sec23/24p, packaging was better than the wild type. Further, they found the proteins that were highly affected had Bet1p and Gap1p/Sys1p chimera, because they completely depending on the Sys1p di-acidic of COPII vesicles. If the amino acid signal DID in the protein Gap1p was mutated to random amino acids, the resulting bands would be seen as in figure 1. A because the amino acids might be present in all the lanes. And Gap1p is required for di-acidic motifs to fuse together with the COPII vesicles at the mutated domain. Also, Sys1 peptide is not involved in Sec 23/24p hence its mutation is not contained in a di-acidic motif. If the signal LxxLE was mutated to the DID, the expected Bet1p packaging would be shown in figure 2. A as not be seen in lanes containing Bet1p because the amino acid signal LxxLE does not exit after mutating to amino acids DID. The second probability for the Bet1p would be expected to bind with the vesicle for packaging when it interacts with di-acidic motifs which is needed as shown in figure 2.B290512515621000581025113030004781550412752.B002.B6286501346202.A002.A20 pts. Explain the experiment shown in Figure 5C from the Shen et al. (2018) paper on the phosphorylation of CDC25 that we discussed in class. In addition, be sure to also address the following: A) why did they do this experiment (the central issue); B) what did they learn; and C) what is another control experiment they could have done? D) Would these results change if you added a constitutively active form of LKB1 to the reaction? If so, how and why? A) Overall, the main purpose of this paper is to explain how the division of cells is highly regulated such that cells that fail to pass some specific stage-based tests cannot advance to the proceeding stages. In this particular experiment, HeLa cells were subjected to chemicals that are known to activate the enzyme AMPK. Also, the main catabolic processes that are involved to generate energy for cells to transition from G1/G2 were determined by the application of radiochemical approaches, the experiment required to approve how highly conserved cellular energy sensor can significantly delay mitosis entry and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Further, Wee 1 family inactivates the cell cycle G2/M Phase which is controlled by Cdc3/cyclic B (mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex). They found that AMPK-dependents phosphorylation of CDC25C arranges a metabolic control point for the M-phase transition and the cell cycle phase G2. B) Also, they learned that suppression of Wee 1 or acute induction partially reinstates mitosis ingress in the circumstance of activated protein kinase (AMPK). This experiment showed that when Phosphorylates Cdc25 is in a distributive and disordered state, it results into ultra-sensitivity in protein phosphorylation. C) For another control experiment, they might try exposing the U2OS (cell line) clones conditionally exhibiting Cdc25A etoposide. That will help to test whether Cdc25A degradation is significant for the G2 control point or not.D) If they add an active form of LKB1 to the reaction, the results will not change, because in cells LKBI activity inhibits AMPK activation in response to different stimulations. Also, LKBI is lost upon consistent isolation and therefore no effects of phosphates observed.20 pts. Briefly describe the role of cyclin-CDK in the cell cycle and give an example of positive and negative control in this system. Also, describe how cell cycle regulation links to the stimulation of apoptosis at the molecular level. In the beginning, the cell cycle depends on many basic factors that control the regulation process starting from the signal transcription molecules, growth factors and the Cyclin Dependent Kinases enzymes include the checkpoints which control the transition process between the cell cycle phases by binding to the cyclin proteins CDKs then phosphorylate other proteins to transfer from one phase to another. The role of transcription factors is to turn on the signals for gene expression, DNA replication, and cell divisions. As an example of CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 is a cell division cycle protein homolog 2, that has a primary role in human cancer cells because CDK1 rather than any types of CDKs is fatal to the mutated version of MYC- dependent cancer that leads to a depletion of oncogenes like (Fos and Jun) in human cancer cells. Fos and Jun are combined forms of the transcription factor called AP1 that activates the delayed response genes such as cyclin D and CDK4. Recent studies reveal that the reason for the MYC breast cancer cells duplation is targeting CDF1 exhibit any other CDKs cell lines. Also, CDK1 inhibition can control and target the cancer cells in human and both phosphorylation and expression of MYC during the cell cycle process. To initiate intracellular signaling pathways and stimulate the cell cycle entry, mitogens substance bind to the cell surface receptor with the activation form of GTPase Ras that activates MAP kinase cascade. That will lead to the expression of encoding gene of the transcription regulatory protein like MYC. Moreover, E2F transcription factor is a target for cyclin D and CDKs that stimulate proteins expression to initiate S phase, also E2F regulated by the tumor suppressor gene Rb (Retinoblastoma protein). At early G1 Phase, Rb protein combined with E2f to form the histone deacetylases protein that remains chromatic condensed, then cyclin kinase phosphorylates Rb protein, causing it to disassociate from E2F. That allows recruitment of histone acetylates, which decondense the chromatin and helps transcription complexes to form in G1 and S phase and to form a positive feedback. For the negative control, if there are no growth factors present to stimulate the synthesis of Cyclin D in the new cell, Rb phosphorylated will turn off, and Rb will rebind to E2F, then the cell cycle will stop and that will lead to many negative results like prevent it to bind with DNA, or DNA damage and cells will return to the G0 phase. Apoptosis is a consequence of DNA damage; if the damage is not repaired, the cell cycle will divert towards apoptosis, otherwise, if the cell has DNA defects and fail to undergo apoptosis, that will change to the cancer cell. G1 phase regulators such as P53 and E2F are essential to promote the cell regulations and eliminate any damage or abnormal changes during the cell cycle. P53 has a primary function to prevent any mutation in DNA during cell progression, so any defect in P53 will lead to cancer, and it’s usually mutated in cancer cells. Further, Rb protein considers as a tumor suppressor and also promotes apoptosis. Additionally, most human cancers have inactive Rb protein, either mutated Rb or the non-phosphorylated (inactivated form) of Rb protein How to cite Cell and Molecular Biology, Papers

Cell and Molecular Biology Free Essays

Cell and Molecular Biology Final Name: Hadeel Binomar30 pts. Protein misfolding can be an aspect of several different human disorders, including cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and atherosclerosis. Many times, the misfolded protein is a membrane protein. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell and Molecular Biology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, a type of diabetes insipidus results from a mutation in the G-protein-coupled vasopressin 2 receptor that prevents the protein from making it to the cell membrane A) Describe how this type of receptor would normally get targeted to the membrane (from the beginning of translation) and B) then propose one mechanism by which the mutation could cause a lack of proper targeting. One of the most important protein’s target is G protein-coupled receptors, several signaling mechanisms depend on this type of receptor to change both internal and external stimuli to the intracellular responses. Basically, one of the G couple receptor subfamilies is G-coupled Vasopressin-2- Receptor (V2R), and this receptor is going through a strict quality control process at the endoplasmic reticulum, which presents the only correctly folded protein to gets through the secretory pathway. The primary function of the V2 receptor is to activate the attached G protein that bound to the ? subunit then phosphorylated to GTP. The G protein couple receptor then activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the reaction in the ER and forms cAMP from ATP. After that, cAMP acts as a second messenger and activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the integral membrane proteins on the cell surface. Moreover, the secretory pathway organelles’ and the plasma membrane both are first introduced into the Endoplasmic reticulum, and the co-translationally proteins that can cross the ER are synthesized by the ribosome first then binds by chaperones to gets moves to the ER surface using GTP that allows them to move toward the receptor then release it. The soluble proteins and the integral membrane proteins as I mentioned above, can be targeted through the ER and then translocated by the same mechanism.Further, several mutations occurring in the transmembrane region which affect the structure of the protein. These are multiple mutation sites, such as mutations occurring in the amino acid residues which was acting as a causative agent for human disease. Also, there are other mutations occurring on the single site position that will affect the translation mechanism and cause many human diseases like: cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and atherosclerosis that proves the function of V2R protein which plays important role in the translation during the protein folding process. One of the mechanism that may a reason for lacking the proper target protein is when the mutations of the CFTR gene occurring and affect the function of the chloride ion channels and cause defect in the protein sequences which lead to the production of diseases and misfolded of the proteins that are unable to recognize their functional destinations. Otherwise, Lack of the stop signals is another issue that prevents the protein from getting into the surface of the ER, also called the non-stop decay cellular pathway, because lack of this stop signals prevents mRNA from synthesis and translate the proteins, these consider as a point mutation that inhibits the essential stop codons. 30 pts. Describe the experiment shown in figure 3 from the paper we discussed in class (Miller et al, 2003). (A) In your description, consider the following questions: Why did they do it? How did they do it? What did they learn? (B) Diagram the results that you would expect to see in Lanes T, 1, 2, 3, and 4, if the amino acid signal DID in the protein Gap1p was mutated to random amino acids and tell why; and (C) Give two possible (different) results that might occur if the amino acid signal LxxLE in Bet1p was mutated to the amino acids DID (which are the signal in Gap1p). Diagram the results expected in Lanes T, 1, 2, 3, and 4 and explain why you predicted this result for each case.left20840701.A001.A4467225201739500The experiment was performed to study the role of cargo binding domain of Sec24p in the process of protein sorting. To perform this study, both mutant and wild types subunit Sec23/24p and Sec23/24L616W were harvested from microsomal membranes. The immunoblotting assay performed to quantify cargo molecules using radio-labeled secondary antibodies. Comparison of the mutant subunit with wild type illustrated omission of some molecules in mutant one, these molecules were cargo protein molecules. While some of them are packed in a way that similar to the wild-type. It meant that there were some signals that remained unaffected although mutation was there. Unexpectedly, it was found that in these unaffected molecules of mutation in Sec23/24p, packaging was better than the wild type. Further, they found the proteins that were highly affected had Bet1p and Gap1p/Sys1p chimera, because they completely depending on the Sys1p di-acidic of COPII vesicles. If the amino acid signal DID in the protein Gap1p was mutated to random amino acids, the resulting bands would be seen as in figure 1. A because the amino acids might be present in all the lanes. And Gap1p is required for di-acidic motifs to fuse together with the COPII vesicles at the mutated domain. Also, Sys1 peptide is not involved in Sec 23/24p hence its mutation is not contained in a di-acidic motif. If the signal LxxLE was mutated to the DID, the expected Bet1p packaging would be shown in figure 2. A as not be seen in lanes containing Bet1p because the amino acid signal LxxLE does not exit after mutating to amino acids DID. The second probability for the Bet1p would be expected to bind with the vesicle for packaging when it interacts with di-acidic motifs which is needed as shown in figure 2.B290512515621000581025113030004781550412752.B002.B6286501346202.A002.A20 pts. Explain the experiment shown in Figure 5C from the Shen et al. (2018) paper on the phosphorylation of CDC25 that we discussed in class. In addition, be sure to also address the following: A) why did they do this experiment (the central issue); B) what did they learn; and C) what is another control experiment they could have done? D) Would these results change if you added a constitutively active form of LKB1 to the reaction? If so, how and why? A) Overall, the main purpose of this paper is to explain how the division of cells is highly regulated such that cells that fail to pass some specific stage-based tests cannot advance to the proceeding stages. In this particular experiment, HeLa cells were subjected to chemicals that are known to activate the enzyme AMPK. Also, the main catabolic processes that are involved to generate energy for cells to transition from G1/G2 were determined by the application of radiochemical approaches, the experiment required to approve how highly conserved cellular energy sensor can significantly delay mitosis entry and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Further, Wee 1 family inactivates the cell cycle G2/M Phase which is controlled by Cdc3/cyclic B (mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex). They found that AMPK-dependents phosphorylation of CDC25C arranges a metabolic control point for the M-phase transition and the cell cycle phase G2. B) Also, they learned that suppression of Wee 1 or acute induction partially reinstates mitosis ingress in the circumstance of activated protein kinase (AMPK). This experiment showed that when Phosphorylates Cdc25 is in a distributive and disordered state, it results into ultra-sensitivity in protein phosphorylation. C) For another control experiment, they might try exposing the U2OS (cell line) clones conditionally exhibiting Cdc25A etoposide. That will help to test whether Cdc25A degradation is significant for the G2 control point or not.D) If they add an active form of LKB1 to the reaction, the results will not change, because in cells LKBI activity inhibits AMPK activation in response to different stimulations. Also, LKBI is lost upon consistent isolation and therefore no effects of phosphates observed.20 pts. Briefly describe the role of cyclin-CDK in the cell cycle and give an example of positive and negative control in this system. Also, describe how cell cycle regulation links to the stimulation of apoptosis at the molecular level. In the beginning, the cell cycle depends on many basic factors that control the regulation process starting from the signal transcription molecules, growth factors and the Cyclin Dependent Kinases enzymes include the checkpoints which control the transition process between the cell cycle phases by binding to the cyclin proteins CDKs then phosphorylate other proteins to transfer from one phase to another. The role of transcription factors is to turn on the signals for gene expression, DNA replication, and cell divisions. As an example of CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 is a cell division cycle protein homolog 2, that has a primary role in human cancer cells because CDK1 rather than any types of CDKs is fatal to the mutated version of MYC- dependent cancer that leads to a depletion of oncogenes like (Fos and Jun) in human cancer cells. Fos and Jun are combined forms of the transcription factor called AP1 that activates the delayed response genes such as cyclin D and CDK4. Recent studies reveal that the reason for the MYC breast cancer cells duplation is targeting CDF1 exhibit any other CDKs cell lines. Also, CDK1 inhibition can control and target the cancer cells in human and both phosphorylation and expression of MYC during the cell cycle process. To initiate intracellular signaling pathways and stimulate the cell cycle entry, mitogens substance bind to the cell surface receptor with the activation form of GTPase Ras that activates MAP kinase cascade. That will lead to the expression of encoding gene of the transcription regulatory protein like MYC. Moreover, E2F transcription factor is a target for cyclin D and CDKs that stimulate proteins expression to initiate S phase, also E2F regulated by the tumor suppressor gene Rb (Retinoblastoma protein). At early G1 Phase, Rb protein combined with E2f to form the histone deacetylases protein that remains chromatic condensed, then cyclin kinase phosphorylates Rb protein, causing it to disassociate from E2F. That allows recruitment of histone acetylates, which decondense the chromatin and helps transcription complexes to form in G1 and S phase and to form a positive feedback. For the negative control, if there are no growth factors present to stimulate the synthesis of Cyclin D in the new cell, Rb phosphorylated will turn off, and Rb will rebind to E2F, then the cell cycle will stop and that will lead to many negative results like prevent it to bind with DNA, or DNA damage and cells will return to the G0 phase. Apoptosis is a consequence of DNA damage; if the damage is not repaired, the cell cycle will divert towards apoptosis, otherwise, if the cell has DNA defects and fail to undergo apoptosis, that will change to the cancer cell. G1 phase regulators such as P53 and E2F are essential to promote the cell regulations and eliminate any damage or abnormal changes during the cell cycle. P53 has a primary function to prevent any mutation in DNA during cell progression, so any defect in P53 will lead to cancer, and it’s usually mutated in cancer cells. Further, Rb protein considers as a tumor suppressor and also promotes apoptosis. Additionally, most human cancers have inactive Rb protein, either mutated Rb or the non-phosphorylated (inactivated form) of Rb protein How to cite Cell and Molecular Biology, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

Business Accounting

Question: Writereport is to determine and evaluate the accounts of the financial statements in order to evaluate the actual value of the company. Answer: The most important aim of the statement is to assess the significant accounts of the company in order to determine the material misstatement. The auditor should understand the client by determining and analyzing the internal environment and external environment of the company. The financial report of the organization shows the expense, income, liabilities, assets, shareholders equity and cash flow statement of the company. The auditor plays a significant role in the preparation and presentation of the financial statements of the company for the accounting year. The facts, figures and other factors will help to gain the understanding of the client and focusing on the material misstatement during the preparation and presentation of the financial statements. The internal and external auditors has to focus on the important accounts that are most at the highest risks of being material misstatement with the appropriate planning of the materiality. The assessment of the risk in the audit pr ocess will help to determine and evaluate the misrepresentation in the financial statements. The risk assessment program will help to evaluate the audit risk and analyzing the accounts of the financial statements. Introduction The Pacific Star Network Limited is Media Company in Australia. The business operation of the company includes broadcasting, digital assets and publishing which includes www.morrisonmedia.com.au, www.frankiepress.com.au and www.sen.com.au. The organization commonly operated two segments publishing and broadcasting. The company has amplitude modulated commercial broadcasting license in Melbourne and broadcasts on 1116 SN and 1377 MyMp (www.bwired.com.au, 2016). It operates two digital radio stations KOOOL and AUSSIE. The organization has subsidiaries which include Morrison Media Services Pty Ltd that publishes White Horses, Smith Journal, SEN inside Football, Frankie and Spaces. The auditors play an important in the preparation of the financial statement and analyzing the errors and omission in the financial statements. The report focus on the risk assessment with the help of audit process and gaining an understanding of the business of the client that would also help to evaluate the financial statement of the organisation. Therefore, the auditors has the responsibility to perform and plan the audit in order to assess whether the financial statements are appropriate and are free of misstatement that caused by fraud or error (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). Key information Gain an understanding the client The auditors should gain the accepting of the customer of Pacific Star Network Limited. The main purpose of the procedure is to evaluate the risk that financial statement includes the material misstatements due to: Nature of the business of the client The client operates its business in the industry Competition within the industry Suppliers and customers of the client The policies and regulations in which the business is operated by the client The auditors can gain the understanding of the client by evaluating its stages entity level, industry level and economic level. At entity level, the details of the organization can be gained through interview with the client and asking question about what the client do, how the functions are managed, ownership structure and its finance source (Epstein and Lee, 2011). This is a detailed process and time consuming. The customers are identified whether the customer have good reputation and paying the client timely. The suppliers are identified whether they are supplying quality products and services. Whether the client is an exporter or importer of the products identified. It is also to assess the capacity of the client to adapt to the changes in the technology and other trends (Fifield and Power, 2011). If the client does not adapt to these changes then there would be a risk of losing the market share and falling behind the competitors. At the industry level, the auditors can understand the client by evaluating level of the competition, level of the demand of the product and services, client reputation, support level of the government and level of rules and regulation of the government (Gough, 2002). The auditor should be interested in the position of the client within the industry, competition level and size of the client in relative to the competitors. The more competition within the industry means more pressure are placed on the profits of the client and the key issues is the position of the client and ability to withstand the downturns in economy (Holton, 2012). Apart from this, the issues faced by the client due to competition in the international market and evaluating the support of the government. At economic level, the economic conditions that affect the business operations of the client. The economic conditions include changes in interest rates, financial crisis and expectation of the shareholders to increase the profits (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2011). The economic downturns and upturns, currency fluctuations and changes in the rate of interest affect all the organizations. Therefore, the auditor is concerned with the susceptibility of the client to the following changes and ability to tackle the economic pressures. During the economic upturn, organizations are under pressure as they have to perform well than its competitors and improvements in the profits of the shareholders (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2007). During the economic downturn, organizations may understate its profits and to maximize its write offs as it falls in the profits. The financial report of the company should be anal analyzed in order to evaluate the actual value of the company. The income statement shows the expense, income, profit or loss of organization (Sharma, 2010). The financial position statement shows the assets and liabilities of the company. The statement of cash flow provides the inflow and outflow of cash within the accounting year. Significant accounts most at risk The significant accounts that are most at the risk of being misstated are operating expenses, debt issue, current liabilities, intangible assets and current assets. Therefore, it is the liability of the assessor to estimate the material misstatement in the accounts in order to avoid fraud (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The consequences of misstatement are increase or decrease in the expenses, increase or decrease in the debt level, increase or decrease in the assets and liabilities and increase or decrease in the total value of the company. The risk can be analyzed by evaluating the ratios such as profitability ratios and liquidity ratios. The changes in the ratio will helps to evaluate the accurate values of the accounts and if it varies a lot then there can be risk of the material misstatement (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The false presentation of the overall value of the company can affect the decisions of the investors and other stakeholders. The significant accounts of Paci fic Star Network can be at risk and that may result in liquidity risk or solvency risk. The intangible assets can be misrepresented that can affect the current assets worth of the organization (Turtledove, 2007). The misrepresentation of the debt issue can affect the capital structure of the organization. The debt equity ratio provides the level of equity and debt of the organization. The increase in the material misstatement can lead to fraud. Therefore, it is the duty of the auditor to examine and assess the actual value of the accounts as well as determining the misstatement in the accounts. The in service expenses increase or decrease will influence the net income of the organisation that will also affect the value of return on assets, return on capital employed and return on equity as well as the net profit and gross profit margin of the organization (Warren, Reeve and Fess, 2005). The profit margin can be affected by the misstated figure and facts and thus affecting the financ ial position of the company. The auditors should analyze the value of the accounts and mitigating such risks. The financial report comprises of income statement, cash flow statement and balance sheet of the company. The profitability ratios show the ability of the company to generate earnings and cash requirement to pay off the debts, future expansion and meet other obligations. The profit margin and gross profit shows the sales proportion turned into the profit (Wolf, 2008). The gross profit margin shows whether the seller of products has appropriate mark of on the products sold to pay for the other expenses. The diminishing ratio determines that the client may be paying additional for the inventory or less charging to their clients. The profit margin shows the profitability of the organization and the auditor would be able to find the variability in profit earning capacity of the client (Zopounidis, 2008). The profit margin varies too much then it shows uncertainty and volatility that makes difficult to assess the fairness and truth of the financial report. The return on assets provides th e capability of the organization generate returns from the assets and return on the shareholders equity shows the ability of the organization to generate return from the invested funds of the shareholders. If the ROE and ROA are decreasing then it would be difficult of the company to pay interests and dividends and repay loans. The auditor would make comparison between the previous year and current year to identify the trends or differences in the profitability of the company. The comparison can also be made with the competitors and budget. Any changes when compared to competitors or budget, previous years can be investigated by the auditor to indicate that there can be risk of the material misstatement. The liquidity ratios show the capability of the entity to compensate off the obligations. The relation above one means that the entity will be capable to reimburse off the short term obligations. An auditor will compare the trends the rates in order assess the liquidity situation of the company. Set planning materiality The setting materiality helps the auditor to use the professional judgment equipment for the creation of the useful situation to the primary users for the financial report. For the case of the listed companies, the primary users also help the owners for lending the major funds and thus it also helps the primary users to lend the funds of the lenders (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Audit firms vary their methods with the purpose to set the materiality in order to carry out the risk assessment in the organization. Therefore the guidelines are created by the AASB 1031 for the creation of the materiality and thus it also helps in calculating the percentage of the appropriate base. Thus for the selection of an appropriate base, the auditor chooses an point from the financial position statement or the appropriate base (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). In selecting the appropriate base, the auditor also helps in the creation of the suitable base that are requisite for the enlargement of the judgment t hat is based on the knowledge of the client and thus the needs of the financial report users helps them in the process of decision making. For instance, if the client is listed in the security exchange, the profit lies before the tax is likely to be important as it drives the dividends and return on the investment for the process of decision making. The base was selected for the creation of the profit before the tax (Fifield and Power, 2011). Thus for profit organization, the assets or the revenue are generally used as a base. Thus this also helps the client to take the professional judgment for the development of the auditors knowledge and thus it also helps in the development of the preferred, the choices are also helps in the auditors knowledge for their client and thus it also helps in the professional judgment. The AASB 1031 also helps in the provision of the guideline for the appropriate calculation and thus it also helps in calculating the materiality. Thus the material perce ntage also helps in the creation of the item and thus the five percent tax also being increased to the 10 percent of the profit. When the setting is lower than the planning materiality, the auditor then increases the quality and the quantity of the evidences also needs to be gathered (Gough, 2002). When the gathering of the evidences successfully satisfies the criteria, then lowering the materiality level set also helps in the gaining the potential misstatements and thus it also helps in appropriate analysis and thus it also helps in the concluding the potential misstatement and thus it also helps in the creation of the auditors access for planning the materiality (Holton, 2012). With the support of the arrangement of the materiality, the administration also helps to create a center of attention for the investors for the investment and thus it helps the auditor for knowing the financial statements. The materiality also helps in the materiality echelon of the Pacific Star Network is considered at the 1% of the entirety proceeds of the organization. The material echelon is calculated as the Materiality Level= 1% * 20.86 million dollar = $20.86 million*0.01 =$208,860 million Therefore, the amount determined by the auditors also creates the financial levels of the risk managements that are required for the proper enhancement of the materiality of the financial statements (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2007). When the materiality amount considered being necessary for the reduction of the appropriate low levels then the aggregated and the undetected financial statements are also helpful for the establishment of the lower limit of the planning and thus it also helps in the misstatement and thus it also helps in accessing the planning of the materiality (Sharma, 2010). At this level of the acceptable error for the creation of the setting and thus it also helps in the enabling the auditors to determine the significant terms and hence, the material matters are also taken into considerations. Audit risk assessment The manipulation of current assets, current liabilities, debt issue, along with the in service expenses can change the worth of the corporation; the value can be changed in either improving or declining. Thus, the auditor detects misstatement or manipulation in the financial records of Pacific Star Network by the accountant that be able to improve or reduce the worth of the organisation (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The presentation of incorrect cost can influence the judgment of the investors as well as even it is the illegal act by the accountants of the company, who manipulate the accounting information of the company in order to provide incorrect information to the users of the financial statements of the company to influence them to invest in the company. The misstatement of the information of current liabilities can influence the debt level of firm and the total worth of firm (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The misstatement of the information of current assets can affect the asset of firm and the overall cost of the firm. The misstatements of the information of intangible assets as well affect the level of asset of the firm as well as overall cost of the firm. The misinformation in debt issue will involve the echelon of debt of the firm also financial responsibilities of firm. The misinformation in operating expense can affect the cost of expenditure of the firm the overall revenue of firm. The misinformation in these can influence the economic ratios of firm like current ratio, profitability ratio, efficiency ratio, as well as solvency ratio (Turtledove, 2007). The alteration in profitability ratio can influence the degree of profitability of the firm like net margin ratio as well as gross profit ratio. The alteration in the debt issue can influence debt equity ratio as well as the financial leverage of the firm. The alterations in the financial ratio can affect the debt level, asset level, profitability level, along with overall presentation of the f irm. The alteration in the worth of the expenditure of the operating can affect the ratio of the firm. The alteration in these specific accounts can alter the capital, structure of the company, profitability as well as overall of firm (Warren, Reeve and Fess, 2005). The misstatement of the financial statement of the firm can manipulate the decisions of the users of the financial statements such the shareholders of the company investors and other stakeholders of the company. The accountant of company prepares the financial statement of the company and in case of the accountant manipulate with the financial data of the company then the information on the financial health and financial performance of the corporation will be changed that can misled the investors and shareholders of company and influence the decision of the investors (Wolf, 2008). The auditors play important role in detecting the misstatements in financial statements and in case of an auditor has been bribed and support the misstatement of the financial report of the company then it will be cheating with the investors and shareholders. Conclusion The main focus of the report is to determine and evaluate the accounts of the financial statements in order to evaluate the actual value of the company. The auditor determines and evaluates the significant accounts, for example, current assets, intangible assets, current liabilities, debt issue and operating expenses that are risk of being material misstatement. The variation in the value will influence the value of the organization as it will affect the assets, profitability and liabilities of the organization. The auditor plays an significant role in the accurate and fair demonstration of the financial report of the company. 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